很多讀者可能只會(huì)閱讀你的論文摘要。而另外一些讀者，摘要?jiǎng)t會(huì)引導(dǎo)他們閱讀論文全文。無(wú)論哪種情況，摘要都顯得尤為重要。摘要的目的在于，讀者能夠很容易地、快速地掌握文章的關(guān)鍵信息 [2]。然而，寫出一個(gè)好的摘要的過(guò)程，可能讓人望而生畏 [1]。

好的摘要具備如下一些普遍特征

· 簡(jiǎn)潔、內(nèi)容緊湊。簡(jiǎn)單化！

· 清楚地闡明研究的假設(shè)或目的

· 避免描述不必要的實(shí)驗(yàn)細(xì)節(jié)或統(tǒng)計(jì)方法

· 不含參考文獻(xiàn)、表格或圖形

· 極少或幾乎不含縮寫詞語(yǔ)

· 以簡(jiǎn)單易懂的方式簡(jiǎn)明扼要地陳述論文的主要發(fā)現(xiàn)

· 具有與假設(shè)或目的相關(guān)的簡(jiǎn)明、清楚的結(jié)論

· 語(yǔ)法正確

遵從期刊關(guān)于摘要的要求

· 結(jié)構(gòu)化與非結(jié)構(gòu)化格式。

o 如果是結(jié)構(gòu)化的，請(qǐng)使用期刊所建議的標(biāo)題

· 字?jǐn)?shù)限制

o 如果超出字?jǐn)?shù)，期刊可能拒絕接收該文章

o 與研究的重要信息不相關(guān)的內(nèi)容通常可以省略

§ 不必要的文獻(xiàn)引用

§ 不必要的方法細(xì)節(jié)

§ 與研究目的無(wú)關(guān)的結(jié)果

§ 與結(jié)果不直接相關(guān)的結(jié)論

§ 不必要的贅述

· 使用縮寫的限制

o 極少或幾乎不允許使用縮略語(yǔ)

結(jié)構(gòu)化與非結(jié)構(gòu)化的摘要

· 結(jié)構(gòu)化摘要比非結(jié)構(gòu)化摘要日益常見 [1，2]

· 最常使用的結(jié)構(gòu)是IMRAD（即引言、方法、結(jié)果和討論）格式

· 結(jié)構(gòu)化摘要使得臨床方面的讀者和審稿者更容易識(shí)別出最重要的信息

· 結(jié)構(gòu)化摘要通常比傳統(tǒng)的摘要篇幅更長(zhǎng)，但它們可能包含更豐富的信息并易于理解 [3]

下面是一個(gè)非結(jié)構(gòu)化摘要和重寫后的結(jié)構(gòu)化摘要的例子：

非結(jié)構(gòu)化摘要
Combining antibiotics with plant sterols that have antibacterial activity is a method of increasing the effectiveness of the antibiotics. In this study, we synthesized α-spinasterol from commercially available stigmasterol by a novel method in order to increase its yield, and tested the combination of the α-spinasterol with ceftiofur in vitro against four strains of pathogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of stigmasterol, spinasterol and ceftiofur against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae CAU0070, Salmonella pullorum cvcc533 and Staphylococcus aureus were determined with a tube dilution method. Results showed that MICs of α-spinasterol against the four pathogenic microorganisms were the same for all (256 μg/ml), or one-half that of stigmasterol (512 μg/ml), and much greater than the MIC of ceftiofur (0.125 to 4 μg/ml). The combination of α-spinasterol and ceftiofur were strongly synergetic against the four bacterial strains; the fractional inhibitory concentrations on E. coli, S. pneumoniae CAU0070, S. pullorum cvcc533, and S. aureus were 0.375, 0.375, 0.533 and 0.5, respectively. In time-kill analyses, at concentrations above the MICs, ceftiofur exhibited only time-dependency against the four pathogenic microganisms, whereas ceftiofur in combination with α-spinasterol exhibited time-dependency and concentration-dependency. We conclude that ceftiofur combined with α-spinasterol, synthetized from stigmasterol by our method, is effective against four pathogenic bacterial strains in vitro. Effectiveness of this combination in vivo deserves investigation.

重寫后的結(jié)構(gòu)化摘要
Background/Aim. Combining antibiotics with plant sterols that have antibacterial activity is a method of increasing the effectiveness of the antibiotics. In this study, we synthesized α-spinasterol from commercially available stigmasterol by a novel method in order to increase its yield.
Methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration of stigmasterol, spinasterol and ceftiofur against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae CAU0070, Salmonella pullorum cvcc533 and Staphylococcus aureus were determined with a tube dilution method.
Results. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of α-spinasterol against the four pathogenic microorganisms were the same for all (256 μg/ml), or one-half that of stigmasterol (512 μg/ml), and much greater than the minimal inhibitory concentration of ceftiofur (0.125 to 4 μg/ml). The combination of α-spinasterol and ceftiofur were strongly synergetic against the four bacterial strains; the fractional inhibitory concentrations on E. coli, S. pneumoniae CAU0070, S. pullorum cvcc533, and S. aureus were 0.375, 0.375, 0.533 and 0.5, respectively. In time-kill analyses, at concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentrations, ceftiofur exhibited only time-dependency against the four pathogenic microganisms, whereas ceftiofur in combination with α-spinasterol exhibited time-dependency and concentration-dependency.
Conclusions. Ceftiofur combined with α-spinasterol, synthetized from stigmasterol by our method, is effective against four pathogenic bacterial strains in vitro. Effectiveness of this combination in vivo deserves investigation.

結(jié)構(gòu)化摘要的構(gòu)成

· 引言

o 介紹研究的簡(jiǎn)要背景

o 描述研究的目的，為什么這樣做，重點(diǎn)又是什么

· 方法

o 描述研究設(shè)計(jì)和方法，如

§ 回顧性病例對(duì)照研究

§ 隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究

· 結(jié)果

o 給出與目的相關(guān)的具體結(jié)果

o 避免出現(xiàn)與目的無(wú)關(guān)的結(jié)果

o 給出真實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)，必要時(shí)給出置信區(qū)間和p值 [1]

o 避免模糊表達(dá)，如“相對(duì)較大”或“明顯差異”

· 結(jié)論

o 與研究目的直接相關(guān)

o 簡(jiǎn)潔陳述可以直接從研究中導(dǎo)出的結(jié)論

o 不夸大研究的重要性或價(jià)值

o 簡(jiǎn)要地解釋研究結(jié)果和影響，以及對(duì)開展進(jìn)一步研究的建議

References

1. Ezeala, C. C. (2012). Writing a good abstract for a journal article. The 12th Pacific Islands Health Research Symposium. Sept 2012, Nadi Fiji. Cited on: May 5th, 2013. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/1950465

2. Nakayama T, Hirai N, Yamazaki S, Naito M. Adoption of structured abstracts by general medical journals and format for a structured abstract. J Med Libr Assoc. 2005 Apr;93(2):237-42.

3. Hartley J. J Med Libr Assoc. Current findings from research on structured abstracts. 2004 Jul;92(3):368-71.

（轉(zhuǎn)載自：www.letpub.com.cn/index.php?page=sci_writing_64）